全身动态PET中的受试者运动引入了框架间的不匹配，并严重影响参数成像。传统的非刚性注册方法通常在计算上是强度且耗时的。深度学习方法在快速速度方面实现高精度方面是有希望的，但尚未考虑示踪剂分布变化或整体范围。在这项工作中，我们开发了一个无监督的自动深度学习框架，以纠正框架间的身体运动。运动估计网络是一个卷积神经网络，具有联合卷积长的短期记忆层，充分利用动态的时间特征和空间信息。我们的数据集在90分钟的FDG全身动态PET扫描中包含27个受试者。与传统和深度学习基线相比，具有9倍的交叉验证，我们证明了拟议的网络在增强的定性和定量空间对齐方面获得了卓越的性能在显着降低参数拟合误差中。我们还展示了拟议的运动校正方法的潜力来影响对估计参数图像的下游分析，从而提高了将恶性与良性多代谢区域区分开的能力。一旦受过培训，我们提出的网络的运动估计推理时间比常规注册基线快460倍，表明其潜力很容易应用于临床环境中。

图表卷积神经网络（GCNS）广泛用于图形分析。具体地，在医学应用中，GCNS可用于群体图中的疾病预测，其中曲线图节点代表个体，边缘代表个体相似度。然而，GCNS依赖于大量数据，这是对单一医学机构收集的具有挑战性。此外，大多数医疗机构继续面临的危急挑战是用不完全的数据信息分离地解决疾病预测。为了解决这些问题，联合学习（FL）允许隔离本地机构协作，没有数据共享的全局模型。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个框架FEDNI，通过FL释放网络染色和机构间数据。具体地，我们首先使用图形生成的对冲网络（GaN）联接捕获缺少节点和边缘预测器来完成本地网络的缺失信息。然后我们使用联合图形学习平台跨过机构训练全局GCN节点分类器。新颖的设计使我们能够通过利用联合学习和图表学习方法来构建更准确的机器学习模型。我们证明，我们的联邦模式优于本地和基线流动方法，在两个公共神经影像数据集中具有显着的边缘。

我们提出ACPROP（异步 - 居中 - PROP），一个适应优化器，它结合了第二次动量和异步更新的居中（例如，用于$ T $ -Th更新，分母使用信息最多为步骤$ T-1 $，而Dumerator使用梯度$ t-the step）。 ACPROP具有强大的理论特性和经验性能。用reddi等人的例子。 （2018），我们表明异步优化器（例如Adashift，ACProp）的收敛条件较弱，而不是同步优化器（例如ADAM，RMSPROP，Adabelief）;在异步优化器中，我们表明，第二次势头的中心进一步削弱了收敛条件。我们展示了随机非凸面的$ O（\ FRAC {1} {\ SQRT {}）$的收敛速度，它与ORACLE率和优于$ O（\ FRAC {logt}相匹配{\ sqrt {t}}）$ rmsprop和adam的$率。我们在广泛的实证研究中验证了ACPROP：ACPRAC在使用CNN的图像分类中表现出SGD和其他自适应优化器，并且在各种GAN模型，加固学习和变压器的培训中优于良好调整的自适应优化器。总而言之，ACPROP具有良好的理论特性，包括弱收敛条件和最佳收敛速度，以及强的经验性能，包括SGD等良好普遍性，如亚当等训练稳定性。我们在https://github.com/juntang-zhuang/acprop-optimizer提供实现。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The purpose of this work was to tackle practical issues which arise when using a tendon-driven robotic manipulator with a long, passive, flexible proximal section in medical applications. A separable robot which overcomes difficulties in actuation and sterilization is introduced, in which the body containing the electronics is reusable and the remainder is disposable. A control input which resolves the redundancy in the kinematics and a physical interpretation of this redundancy are provided. The effect of a static change in the proximal section angle on bending angle error was explored under four testing conditions for a sinusoidal input. Bending angle error increased for increasing proximal section angle for all testing conditions with an average error reduction of 41.48% for retension, 4.28% for hysteresis, and 52.35% for re-tension + hysteresis compensation relative to the baseline case. Two major sources of error in tracking the bending angle were identified: time delay from hysteresis and DC offset from the proximal section angle. Examination of these error sources revealed that the simple hysteresis compensation was most effective for removing time delay and re-tension compensation for removing DC offset, which was the primary source of increasing error. The re-tension compensation was also tested for dynamic changes in the proximal section and reduced error in the final configuration of the tip by 89.14% relative to the baseline case.

Compliance in actuation has been exploited to generate highly dynamic maneuvers such as throwing that take advantage of the potential energy stored in joint springs. However, the energy storage and release could not be well-timed yet. On the contrary, for multi-link systems, the natural system dynamics might even work against the actual goal. With the introduction of variable stiffness actuators, this problem has been partially addressed. With a suitable optimal control strategy, the approximate decoupling of the motor from the link can be achieved to maximize the energy transfer into the distal link prior to launch. However, such continuous stiffness variation is complex and typically leads to oscillatory swing-up motions instead of clear launch sequences. To circumvent this issue, we investigate decoupling for speed maximization with a dedicated novel actuator concept denoted Bi-Stiffness Actuation. With this, it is possible to fully decouple the link from the joint mechanism by a switch-and-hold clutch and simultaneously keep the elastic energy stored. We show that with this novel paradigm, it is not only possible to reach the same optimal performance as with power-equivalent variable stiffness actuation, but even directly control the energy transfer timing. This is a major step forward compared to previous optimal control approaches, which rely on optimizing the full time-series control input.

The previous fine-grained datasets mainly focus on classification and are often captured in a controlled setup, with the camera focusing on the objects. We introduce the first Fine-Grained Vehicle Detection (FGVD) dataset in the wild, captured from a moving camera mounted on a car. It contains 5502 scene images with 210 unique fine-grained labels of multiple vehicle types organized in a three-level hierarchy. While previous classification datasets also include makes for different kinds of cars, the FGVD dataset introduces new class labels for categorizing two-wheelers, autorickshaws, and trucks. The FGVD dataset is challenging as it has vehicles in complex traffic scenarios with intra-class and inter-class variations in types, scale, pose, occlusion, and lighting conditions. The current object detectors like yolov5 and faster RCNN perform poorly on our dataset due to a lack of hierarchical modeling. Along with providing baseline results for existing object detectors on FGVD Dataset, we also present the results of a combination of an existing detector and the recent Hierarchical Residual Network (HRN) classifier for the FGVD task. Finally, we show that FGVD vehicle images are the most challenging to classify among the fine-grained datasets.

The task of reconstructing 3D human motion has wideranging applications. The gold standard Motion capture (MoCap) systems are accurate but inaccessible to the general public due to their cost, hardware and space constraints. In contrast, monocular human mesh recovery (HMR) methods are much more accessible than MoCap as they take single-view videos as inputs. Replacing the multi-view Mo- Cap systems with a monocular HMR method would break the current barriers to collecting accurate 3D motion thus making exciting applications like motion analysis and motiondriven animation accessible to the general public. However, performance of existing HMR methods degrade when the video contains challenging and dynamic motion that is not in existing MoCap datasets used for training. This reduces its appeal as dynamic motion is frequently the target in 3D motion recovery in the aforementioned applications. Our study aims to bridge the gap between monocular HMR and multi-view MoCap systems by leveraging information shared across multiple video instances of the same action. We introduce the Neural Motion (NeMo) field. It is optimized to represent the underlying 3D motions across a set of videos of the same action. Empirically, we show that NeMo can recover 3D motion in sports using videos from the Penn Action dataset, where NeMo outperforms existing HMR methods in terms of 2D keypoint detection. To further validate NeMo using 3D metrics, we collected a small MoCap dataset mimicking actions in Penn Action,and show that NeMo achieves better 3D reconstruction compared to various baselines.

Rigorous guarantees about the performance of predictive algorithms are necessary in order to ensure their responsible use. Previous work has largely focused on bounding the expected loss of a predictor, but this is not sufficient in many risk-sensitive applications where the distribution of errors is important. In this work, we propose a flexible framework to produce a family of bounds on quantiles of the loss distribution incurred by a predictor. Our method takes advantage of the order statistics of the observed loss values rather than relying on the sample mean alone. We show that a quantile is an informative way of quantifying predictive performance, and that our framework applies to a variety of quantile-based metrics, each targeting important subsets of the data distribution. We analyze the theoretical properties of our proposed method and demonstrate its ability to rigorously control loss quantiles on several real-world datasets.

Traditionally, data analysis and theory have been viewed as separate disciplines, each feeding into fundamentally different types of models. Modern deep learning technology is beginning to unify these two disciplines and will produce a new class of predictively powerful space weather models that combine the physical insights gained by data and theory. We call on NASA to invest in the research and infrastructure necessary for the heliophysics' community to take advantage of these advances.